Overview of Corn-Pone Opinions by Mark Twain

Overview of Corn-Pone Opinions by Mark Twain In an essay not published until several years after his death, humorist Mark Twain examines the effects of social pressures on our thoughts and beliefs. Corn-Pone Opinions is presented as an argument, says Davidson College English professor Ann M. Fox, not a sermon. Rhetorical questions, elevated language, and short clipped declarations . . . are part of this strategy. (The Mark Twain Encyclopedia, 1993) Corn-Pone Opinions by Mark Twain Fifty years ago, when I was a boy of fifteen and helping to inhabit a Missourian village on the banks of the Mississippi, I had a friend whose society was very dear to me because I was forbidden by my mother to partake of it. He was a gay and impudent and satirical and delightful young black mana slavewho daily preached sermons from the top of his masters woodpile, with me for sole audience. He imitated the pulpit style of the several clergymen of the village and did it well, and with fine passion and energy. To me, he was a wonder. I believed he was the greatest orator in the United States and would some day be heard from. But it did not happen; in the distribution of rewards, he was overlooked. It is the way, in this world. He interrupted his preaching, now and then, to saw a stick of wood; but the sawing was a pretensehe did it with his mouth; exactly imitating the sound the bucksaw makes in shrieking its way through the wood. But it served its purpose; it kept his master from coming out to see how the work was getting along. I listened to the sermons from the open window of a lumber room at the back of the house. One of his texts was this: You tell me whar a man gits his corn pone, en Ill tell you what his pinions is. I can never forget it. It was deeply impressed upon me. By my mother. Not upon my memory, but elsewhere. She had slipped in upon me while I was absorbed and not watching. The black philosophers idea was that a man is not independent, and cannot afford views which might interfere with his bread and butter. If he would prosper, he must train with the majority; in matters of large moment, like politics and religion, he must think and feel with the bulk of his neighbors or suffer damage in his social standing and in his business prosperities. He must restrict himself to corn-pone opinionsat least on the surface. He must get his opinions from other people; he must reason out none for himself; he must have no first-hand views. I think Jerry was right, in the main, but I think he did not go far enough. It was his idea that a man conforms to the majority view of his locality by calculation and intention.This happens, but I think it is not the rule.It was his idea that there is such a thing as a first-hand opinion; an original opinion; an opinion which is coldly reasoned out in a mans head, by a searching analysis of the facts involved, with the heart unconsulted, and the jury room closed against outside influences. It may be that such an opinion has been born somewhere, at some time or other, but I suppose it got away before they could catch it and stuff it and put it in the museum. I am persuaded that a coldly-thought-out and independent verdict upon a fashion in clothes, or manners, or literature, or politics, or religion, or any other matter that is projected into the field of our notice and interest, is a most rare thingif it has indeed ever existed. A new thing in costume appearsthe flaring hoopskirt, for exampleand the passers-by are shocked, and the irreverent laugh. Six months later everybody is reconciled; the fashion has established itself; it is admired, now, and no one laughs. Public opinion resented it before, public opinion accepts it now and is happy in it. Why? Was the resentment reasoned out? Was the acceptance reasoned out? No. The instinct that moves to conformity did the work. It is our nature to conform; it is a force which not many can successfully resist. What is its seat? The inborn requirement of self-approval. We all have to bow to that; there are no exceptions. Even the woman who refuses from first to last to wear the hoopskirt comes under that law and is its slave; she could not wear the skirt and have her own approval; and that she must have, she cannot help herself. But as a rule, our self-approval has its source in but one place and not elsewherethe approval of other people. A person of vast consequence s can introduce any kind of novelty in dress and the general world will presently adopt itmoved to do it, in the first place, by the natural instinct to passively yield to that vague something recognized as authority, and in the second place by the human instinct to train with the multitude and have its approval. An empress introduced the hoopskirt, and we know the result. A nobody introduced the bloomer, and we know the result. If Eve should come again, in her ripe renown, and reintroduce her quaint styleswell, we know what would happen. And we should be cruelly embarrassed, along at first. The hoopskirt runs its course and disappears. Nobody reasons about it. One woman abandons the fashion; her neighbor notices this and follows her lead; this influences the next woman; and so on and so on, and presently the skirt has vanished out of the world, no one knows how nor why, nor cares, for that matter. It will come again, by and by and in due course will go again. Twenty-five years ago, in England, six or eight wine glasses stood grouped by each persons plate at a dinner party, and they were used, not left idle and empty; today there are but three or four in the group, and the average guest sparingly uses about two of them. We have not adopted this new fashion yet, but we shall do it presently. We shall not think it out; we shall merely conform, and let it go at that. We get our notions and habits and opinions from outside influences; we do not have to study them out. Our table manners, and company manners, and street manners change from time to time, but the changes are not reasoned out; we merely notice and conform. We are creatures of outside influences; as a  rule, we do not think, we only imitate. We cannot invent standards that will stick; what we mistake for standards are only fashions, and perishable. We may continue to admire them, but we drop the use of them. We notice this in literature. Shakespeare is a standard, and fifty years ago we used to write tragedies which we couldnt tell fromfrom somebody elses; but we dont do it  any more, now. Our  prose  standard,  three quarters  of a century ago, was ornate and diffuse; some authority or other changed it in the direction of compactness and simplicity, and conformity followed, without argument. The historical novel starts up  suddenly and sweeps the land. Everybody writes one, and the nation is glad. We had historical novels before; but nobody read them, and the rest of us  conformedwithout reasoning it out. We are conforming in the other way, now, because it is another case of everybody. The outside influences are always pouring in upon us, and we are always obeying their orders and accepting their verdicts. The Smiths like the new play; the Joneses go to see it, and they copy the Smith verdict. Morals, religions, politics, get their following from surrounding influences and atmospheres, almost entirely; not from study, not from thinking. A man must and will have his own approval first of all, in each and every moment and circumstance of his lifeeven if he must repent of a self-approved act the moment after its commission, in order to get his self-approval again: but, speaking in general terms, a mans self-approval in the large concerns of life has its source in the approval of the peoples about him, and not in a searching personal examination of the matter. Mohammedans are Mohammedans because they are born and reared among that sect, not because they have thought it out and can furnish sound reasons for being Mohammedans; we know why Catholics are Catholics; why Pre sbyterians are Presbyterians; why Baptists are Baptists; why Mormons are Mormons; why thieves are thieves; why monarchists are monarchists; why Republicans are Republicans and Democrats, Democrats. We know it is a matter of association and sympathy, not reasoning and examination; that hardly a man in the world has an opinion upon morals, politics, or religion which he got otherwise than through his associations and sympathies. Broadly speaking, there are none but corn-pone opinions. And broadly speaking, corn-pone stands for self-approval. Self-approval is acquired mainly from the approval of other people. The result is conformity. Sometimes conformity has a sordid business interestthe bread-and-butter interestbut not in most cases, I think. I think that in the majority of cases it is unconscious and not calculated; that it is born of the human beings natural yearning to stand well with his fellows and have their inspiring approval and praisea yearning which is commonly so strong and so insistent that it cannot be effectually resisted, and must have its way. A political emergency brings out the corn-pone opinion in fine force in its two chief varietiesthe pocketbook variety, which has its origin in self-interest, and the bigger variety, the sentimental varietythe one which cant bear to be outside the pale; cant bear to be in disfavor; cant endure the averted face and the cold shoulder; wants to stand well with his friends, wants to be smiled upon, wants to be welcome, wants to hear the precious words, Hes on the right track! Uttered, perhaps by an ass, but still an ass of high degree, an ass whose approval is gold and diamonds to a smaller ass, and confers glory and honor and happiness, and membership in the herd. For these  gauds, many a man will dump his lifelong principles into the street, and his conscience along with them. We have seen it happen. In some millions of instances. Men think they think upon great political questions, and they do; but they think with their party, not independently; they read its literature, but not that of the other side; they arrive at convictions, but they are drawn from a partial view of the matter in hand and are of no particular value. They swarm with their party, they feel with their party, they are happy in their partys approval; and where the party leads they will follow, whether for right and  honor or through blood and dirt and a mush of mutilated morals. In our late canvass half of the nation passionately believed that in silver lay salvation, the other half as passionately believed that that way lay destruction. Do you believe that a tenth part of the people, on either side, had any rational excuse for having an opinion about the matter at all? I studied that mighty question to the bottomand came out empty. Half of our people passionately believe in high tariff, the other half believe otherwise. Does this mean study and examination, or only feeling? The latter, I think. I have deeply studied that question, tooand didnt arrive. We all do no end of feeling, and we mistake it for thinking. And out of  it, we  get an aggregation which we consider a Boon. Its name is Public Opinion. It is held in reverence. It settles everything. Some think it the Voice of God.  Praps. I suppose that in more cases than we should like to admit, we have two sets of opinions: one private, the other public; one secret and sincere, the other corn-pone, and more or less tainted. Written in 1901, Mark Twains Corn-Pone Opinions was first published in 1923 in Europe and Elsewhere, edited by Albert Bigelow Paine (Harper Brothers).

Scholarly Articles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Scholarly Articles - Essay Example These articles and their explanations are, In introducing his thesis, the author identifies various writers who have articles on the same topic. For example he identifies Paul Carmenisch and his explanation of ethical practices as the core of business activities (Chase, 2004). He names provision of goods and services as an important ethical practice organizations need to undertake. The author uses Carmenisch arguments to build on his thesis and in the second paragraph; he identifies Christian values in respect to business ethics. This is the theses of this article. The structure of this article is different from articles on Story grammar in the sense that this article introduces its thesis by use of authors who have written on such a topic while in story grammar articles; there is use of case studies to introduce a thesis statement. In introducing the thesis, the writer uses a case study which gives example of how corporations are hard to kill. In the second paragraph, the author introduces the thesis statement by use of a question, the question is, and the question asked is in reference to advertisements as a means of building a business brand (Stackhouse, 2004) This is similar with article in story grammar which uses case studies in introducing their thesis. The author has used a case study to introduce his thesis. The Story of Martha Stewart, producer of beverages, jailed but her company for business malpractices but her company still performed well. In introducing his thesis, in the first paragraph, he starts by Quoting woods Allen, a 1980 author. He uses APA style of referencing. In the second paragraph, the author introduces the discussion topics of his paper and thereafter, the importance decision making, which is his thesis. This article is different from articles in story grammar because it does have a case study in developing its thesis (Gill, 2004). On the article, Reflections on Consumerism in a Global Era, the author has managed

Compare and contrast the views of Meyer and Bok on the issues of Essay

Compare and contrast the views of Meyer and Bok on the issues of medical professional lying to patients. State and explain the similarities and differences in their views - Essay Example the disclosure of bad news to patients is a very difficult process; hence, it is beneficial for medical practitioners to adopt a neutral mentality between always telling the truth and never telling the truth when disclosing information to the patient. Bok however, is firm on the viewpoint that it is necessary for doctors to sometimes lie to the patient when certain conditions are met. He however does not agree with Meyer’s statement that truthfulness is impossible. She perceives it as failure to differentiate between the truth from truthfulness. Though she disagrees with this statement, in my opinion some similarities with Meyer’s viewpoint exist. Meyer believes that the truth cannot always be clearly defined hence; it cannot always be presented to the patient (Meyer, n.d). In this case Meyer provides the example of conditions that are terminal at time of disclosure, however, may have a cure in the near future. It coincides with Bok’s example of telling the patient he has at least four months to live, instead of telling him that he will die in four months. The fact that he will live for four months is verified, however, the fact that he will die isn’t. Meyer believes that patients may ask for the truth meanwhile they do not actually want the truth and simply want to gain confidence from the good news. However, Bok believes it is an empirical fact that patients want to hear the truth about their condition and doctors have no right or justification to withhold information on the assumption that patients actually prefer it (Bok, n.d). Bok agrees with Meyers’s view that the truth may sometimes harm the patient. Meyer refers to this as ‘therapeutic privileged’. However, Bok believes that this claim by Meyer is exaggerated and benefits from telling the truth exist and are not given sufficient attention. Bok believes that telling the patient the truth allows him or her to decide what steps to take forward in his or her treatment process. She allows

Two detective stories Essay Example for Free

Two detective stories Essay For my English coursework I am going to explain the similarities and the differences between the two detective stories The Speckled Band written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and Forever After written by Jim Thomson. The Speckled Band was written in 1892, the detective in this story was none other than the famous Sherlock Holmes. The story was set in the 1890s so the people reading it at the time could relate to the story. Jim Thomson wrote Forever After but in this story there was no famous character, Jim Thomson had to create all of the characters from new. This means he had more flexibility to write the story. Conan Doyle was English and Jim Thomson was American. Obviously this would change the style of writing. Also The Speckled Band was written in 1892 and Forever After was written in 1960 so there was a large difference in the time it was written. This also means that the style of writing is different. The difference in age will also mean that when people read the story now, it will greatly affect how they can relate to it. In they1890s the people could relate to the speckled band because they where living in the same situation and the same lifestyle, but that was a long time ago so when people look at it now they might not be able to understand the situations and circumstances that they where in. The way of life has changed considerably. In the speckled band was written in the normal way of writing detective stories. There is a detective, a shady, typical villain, a spooky house, a suspect, many red herrings and a very difficult mystery to solve. The surprise in the story is when the mystery has been solved. Holmes already has a reputation before you even pick up the book. This gives Conan Doyle the advantage of not having to create a character. Dr Watson starts off the book by talking about all of the seventy odd mysteries he has witnessed his friend Sherlock Holmes investigate and solve. The he singles out one story in particular that he remembers this is the story of the speckled band. This makes you think that this story is special and is different from all of his other stories if this is the story, which he remembers in particularly. The story begins and a strange woman has arrived one early morning at Sherlock Holmess house. The author describes her as a lady heavily veiled and dressed in black. This told me that she is possibly mourning someones death; this creates a very dark and scary atmosphere, it also makes the reader very curious. This early arrival also makes the reader wonder what story this woman has arrived to tell and her appearance gives the impression that it could be a dark and frightening tale.

Character Relations In The Awakening :: essays research papers

It would be easy to say that Edna Pontellier emulates both Madame Ratignolle and Mademoiselle Reisz, however, throughout the novel, it is evident that Edna steps out beyond this assumption and asserts herself as another person altogether. This is obvious in the defining features of each of the women. Madame Ratignolle, for example, is always represented in a very flamboyant nature and is usually associated with clothes, whereas, Mademoiselle Reisz, in contrast, has no relation to clothes or anything of material nature. She instead is associated “passionately'; with music. Edna, on the other hand, has none of these qualities attributed to her. She is not described in terms of clothes. She is never attributed with being flamboyant. She is not musically inclined, with the exception of the fact that the music moves her toward the “awakening'; of her sensuality.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When examining the first stirrings, “a certain light [that] was beginning to dawn dimly within her,'; we see that Edna thinks independently of outside interference. When she “was beginning to realize her position in the universe as a human being, and to recognize her relations as an individual to the world within and about her'; she does just that—she realizes the world within her, not without her. That is to say, she does this entire “awakening'; on her own. She does not directly receive any outside influence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Edna Pontellier, as a whole, is a woman completely different from any other in the novel. She stands alone and thinks alone and speaks alone. Her ideas and thoughts are completely hers. It would be wrong to say that Madame Ratignolle and Mademoiselle Reisz are embodiments of two different Ednas. They are not. They contribute their thoughts and ideas to Edna but Edna interprets these thoughts and ideas and either incorporates them or disregards them. In the end, with one fell swoop, she disregards everything ever suggested to her by these two other women. In the final chapter, she takes off all her clothes and walks into the water thereby ridding herself of both Madame Ratignolle and Mademoiselle Reisz. She does this in that, as mentioned earlier, Madame Ratignolle is often represented by her clothes, thus, by taking off all her clothes and standing “naked in the open air, at the mercy of the sun, the breeze that beat upon her, and the waves that invited her' ; she rejects Madame Ratignolle’s self-righteous dedication to her husband and children.

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Mentors comes off as unreasonable and a brutal killer. He starts off by presenting himself as kind of knowing his motivations and his strive for good will. Since he mentions positive characteristics, Fortunate indicates the care for his death. Fortunate could have done something so awful that it merits the action that Mentors takes. 2. As the story goes on, the setting changes profusely. The setting changes along with the action. In the beginning, the story has a lot of Irony and light. The action sakes place In the middle of a carnival.Carnivals usually have a happy and fun setting. Later, we start seeing how dark and evil Mentor's plans are which Is dark and literal. When the story changes to underground Into the catacombs and the pile of bones resembles the action and give strength on the object of Mentor's evil. 3. Mentors is the protagonist because he is the narrator and main character. He is evil minded and murdered Fortunate. The protagonist usually is the main character and t he hero, but Mentors is the main character and is not a hero. Fortunate is the antagonist because he amplifies the mystery and suspense. . The similarities of the two stories could be a mental disorder drawing them to the necessity for evil. â€Å"The Black cat† 1 . The narrator feels condemned and guilty, though he is not guilty for killing his wife and Pluto. This says that he is a cold hearted man. He is evil and had a desire to kill. The narrator feels guilty about hurting his cat, Pluto, and cutting its eye out but he does not feel bad about abusing all of his other animals and his wife. This tells us he gives more personality to his cat than to his own wife and cares more about the one cat. 2.In the beginning of his marriage, he and his wife got along very well and he loved animals. But then, the man started drinking and his personality changed for the worse. HIS personality changed as a result of â€Å"the Fiend Intemperance. † HIS was heavily drinking. As days went by, the drinking got heavier and heavier and he became meaner. He then threatened to physically abuse his wife. When the their loyalty to him. In the end of the story, he had killed all of his animals including his favorite cat, Pluto. 3. Yes, this fear is Justified because he sees a white mark on the body of the cat that resembles the gallows, where hangings occur.This reminds him of his hanging of his favorite cat, Pluto. When the cat came around that looked Just like Pluto. He did not want to hurt another animal so he tried to stay away. He tried to axe the cat because he was so irritated. When the cat finally left, he felt better and free. It is Justified because he resisted killing it. 4. I do see similarities in this story. The similarities that came to mind was the temptation to have what their mind was set on causing them to do evil. The narrator must have a mental disorder as well because he drank away his problems and had a desire to kill without guilt.

Assess the Sociological Perspectives on Crime Prevention....

The effectiveness of crime prevention strategies has increased in recent years and many sociologists believe that this is the result of society instilling tougher punishments upon its’ members. Despite this, there are many other approaches that attempt to reduce crime. However, they also have their limitations. Clarke believes that situational crime prevention is an approach that focuses on reducing the opportunities for crime to occur rather than improving society’s institutions. This is largely based on the rational choice theory, which demonstrates how criminals decide if they are going to carry out a crime based on its costs and benefits. Thus, situational crime prevention aims to reduce the benefits of crime and increase its’†¦show more content†¦Foucault however, argues that the prisons is one disciplinary institution that isn’t effective in reducing criminal activity through ‘self-surveillance’ as it urges an individual to dete r from the rest of society and their shared norms and values. He said that this constant supervision and forced discipline broke the will of the criminal and made him into a â€Å"docile body†. His book ‘Discipline and Punish’ lays out Foucault’s thoughts on how the elite in society dominate and control the rest of society. Prison’s major goal was to reduce crime by punishing the criminal. Prisons should also deter others from committing crimes. According to Foucault, prisons did not meet their objective; in fact they made criminals worse and this has infiltrated into all parts of society. In conclusion, there are many differences policies designed to reduce crime by approaching them in different ways. For example, SCP is an approach to reduces the ‘opportunities’ for crime where as social and community crime prevention attempts to reduce crime through tackling its’ root causes. Despite these differences some believe that priso ns from the 19th century remain the most effective in reducing crime. 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Perez CHRISTIANNE TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.i Acknowledgment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.ii Dedication†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦........iii Table of Contents†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreCRM 1301 Midterm uOttawa Carolyn Gordon Essay10218 Words   |  41 Pagesï » ¿The Demonic Perspective Trephining Individual who were having illusions or were delusional had a hole drilled in their skull in order to get rid of the spirits. 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